Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient by Richard F Gombrich New Book. This language may have evolved out of various Indian dialects, and is related to, but not the same as, the ancient language of Magadha. The monks do not fix their times for walking and sitting meditation, for as soon as they are free, they just start doing it; nor do they determine for how long they will go on to meditate. Inscriptional evidence of this school has been found in Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda. On this basis, these Early Buddhist texts (i.e. For centuries, many forms of Theravada emphasized the practice of generosity and merit-making with the goal of a good rebirth over meditation and ethical conduct with the goal of enlightenment. Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, p. 5. The modern era also saw new Buddhist works on topics which pre-modern Buddhists avoided, such as socially engaged Buddhism and Buddhist economics. [14], Between the reigns of Sena I (833853) and Mahinda IV (956972), the city of Anuradhapura saw a "colossal building effort" by various kings during a long period of peace and prosperity, the great part of the present architectural remains in this city date from this period. (PDF) Buddhism - ResearchGate "[web 6], The Noble Eightfold Path can also be summarized as the Three Noble Disciplines of sla (moral conduct or discipline), Samdhi (meditation or concentration) and Pa (understanding or wisdom). The Thai Dhammayuttika Nikaya was introduced into Cambodia during the reign of King Norodom (18341904) and benefited from royal patronage. [47] While the Khmer Rouge effectively destroyed Cambodia's Buddhist institutions, after the end of the communist regime the Cambodian Sangha was re-established by monks who had returned from exile. [web 7][148][web 8]. amoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) View. ago. Dedication of merit; doing good deeds in the name of someone who has passed away or in the name of all sentient beings. [44] Scholarly opinions differ as to where exactly this was located, but it is generally believed to have been somewhere in Southeast Asia. Along the way, Theravada teachings mixed with tantric practices, animism, and other local spiritual systems. [22][23] These figures wrote new commentaries in Pali (basing themselves on the old Sinhala works). Comparison chart Differences Similarities Further Reading Steinkellner, Ernst (editor). [85], Most Theravda Buddhists generally consider Mahyna Buddhist scriptures to be apocryphal, meaning that they are not authentic words of the Buddha. [129] Under French Colonial rule, Vietnamese Khmers could now practice freely and receive a Theravda education in government schools. [57][58] This sustained state support allowed Theravda Buddhism to penetrate into the rural regions of the country. [28] The reign of king Mahasena (277 to 304 CE) for example, was marked by his support of Mahyna Buddhism and his repression of the Mahvihra tradition (and destruction of their monastery) which refused to convert to Mahyna. [72] These differences arose from the systematization and historical development of doctrines and monasticism in the centuries after the death of the Buddha. [citation needed]. Throughout the history of Theravda, Theravda monks also produced other works of Pli literature such as historical chronicles (like the Dipavamsa and the Mahavamsa), hagiographies, poetry, Pli grammars, and "sub-commentaries" (that is, commentaries on the commentaries). [12], By the first century BCE, Theravda Buddhism was well established in the main settlements of the Kingdom of Anuradhapura. Buddhist institutions suffered terribly during these various invasions and conflicts. [62][63][64], The Pli Tipitaka consists of three parts: the Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka. An important genre of Theravdin literature is shorter handbooks and summaries, which serve as introductions and study guides for the larger commentaries. Modern scholarship in western languages by western Buddhist monks such as Nyanatiloka, Nyanaponika, Nyanamoli, Bhikkhu Bodhi and Analayo is another recent development in the Theravda world. [153][154][web 3], Samatha ("calm") consists of meditation techniques in which the mind is focused on a single object, thought, or gatha, leading to Samdhi'. The Vessantara Jtaka is one of the most popular of these. Myanmar and Cambodia ended the practice of appointing a sangharaja for some time, but the position was later restored, though in Cambodia it lapsed again. Buddhism Discussion Forum. In most Theravda countries, it is a common practice for young men to ordain as monks for a fixed period of time. [citation needed]. 9197. [194] These include social service and activist organizations such as the Young Men's Buddhist Association of Colombo, the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress, the Sarvodaya Shramadana of A. T. Ariyaratne, the NGO's founded by Sulak Sivaraksa such as Santi Pracha. [168][169][170], According to Vajirana Mahathera, writing from a traditional and text-based point of view, in the Pli Canon whether one begins the practice by way of samatha or by way of vipassan is generally seen as depending on one's temperament. [80] Part of the Buddhist modernist project was a reaction to the challenge and threat posed by Western colonialism and Christian missionaries.[81]. [93] Ngettwin Sayadaw was a popular reformer during the 19th century. The Buddha wandered about for over four decades, and established an order of monks and nuns known as Sangha. Karunadasa, Y. Buddhist Analysis of Matter, pp. Taylor, J.L. Its core text, the Mla-kammahna "original, fundamental or basic meditation practice," circulated under a number of different titles, or without a title, throughout the TaiLaoKhmer and Sri Lankan Buddhist worlds. The Vipassana movement continued to grow after independence, becoming an international movement with centers around the world. In Burma, an influential modernist figure was king Mindon Min (18081878), known for his patronage of the Fifth Buddhist council (1871) and the Tripiaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda (still the world's largest book) with the intention of preserving the Buddha Dhamma. Goenka. Why Theravada? - Page 4 - Dhamma Wheel Buddhist Forum They are very popular among all classes and are rendered in a wide variety of media formats, from cartoons to high literature. By Alex Shashkevich The Vietnamese Theravda movement, led by figures such as Ven. [30] Throughout its history, Abhayagiri was an influential center of scholarship, with numerous scholars working in Sanskrit and Pli. How I Became a Theravada Buddhist - Buddhistdoor Global Buddhism | Definition, Beliefs, Origin, Systems, & Practice | Britannica Buddhism: Theravada: Main - University at Buffalo Theravada, (Pali: "Way of the Elders") major form of Buddhism prevalent in Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos. After independence, Myanmar held the Sixth Buddhist council (Vesak 1954 to Vesak 1956), which was attended by monks from eight Theravda nations. [35] In the British colonies of Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar), Buddhist institutions lost their traditional role as the prime providers of education (a role that was often filled by Christian schools). Buddhism - Definition, Founder & Origins - HISTORY [103][88] Mongkut's heir, Chulalongkorn (18681910) continued the centralizing reforms by passing the Sangha Law of 1902, which organized the sangha into a hierarchical bureaucracy headed by a Sangha Council of Elders (Pali: Mahthera Samgama). Skilling, Peter. 2, translated from the Pali. [81] While these texts do not have the same scriptural authority in Theravda as the Tipiaka, they remain influential works for the exegesis of the Tipiaka. It is sometimes called 'Southern Buddhism'. Why is Siddhartha Gautama so important to Buddhists? [105] He was the leading intellectual of the era and his doctrinal interpretations remain the orthodox Thai Buddhist doctrine. Honoring others; showing appropriate deference, particularly to the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha, and to seniors and parents. Those of a passionate disposition (or those who enter the path by faith) attain Arahatship through vipassan preceded by samatha. Crosby notes that this tradition of meditation involved a rich collection of symbols, somatic methods and visualizations which included "the physical internalisation or manifestation of aspects of the Theravada path by incorporating them at points in the body between the nostril and navel. [59], Burmese kings like Bayinnaung (r.15511581) and Bodawpaya (17451819) also attempted to stamp out certain non-Buddhist religious practices, particularly those related to animal sacrifice and alcohol consumption. Monks follow 227 rules of discipline, while nuns follow 311 rules. [83] Meanwhile, in Thailand (the only Theravda nation to retain its independence throughout the colonial era), the religion became much more centralized, bureaucratized and controlled by the state after a series of reforms promoted by Thai kings. Modern Theravda derives from the Mahvihra order, a Sri Lankan branch of the Vibhajjavda tradition, which is, in turn, a sect of the Indian Sthavira Nikaya. Swearer, Donald K. The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia: Second Edition, p. 178. [126] Like all Chinese religions, Theravda suffered from persecution during the Cultural Revolution, but since the 1980s it experienced a revival, with new temples and educational institutions being founded (such as the Buddhist Institute of Yunnan). [172], The practice of Theravda meditation can be traced back to the 5th century exegete Buddhaghosa, who systematized the classic Theravda meditation, dividing them into samatha and vipassana types and listing 40 different forms (known as "kammahnas", "workplaces") in his magnum opus, the Visuddhimagga. [89] They also debated Christians missionaries (either in print or in public). The form of Buddhism that developed elsewhere in Asia is called Mahayana. Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentie by Sarah Le Vine New Book. Theravda Buddhist Doctrine. It offers followers a faster path to enlightenment than Mahayana or Theravada. There are numerous Theravda works which are important for the tradition even though they are not part of the Tipiaka. [38] Two new monastic orders were formed in the 19th century, the Amarapura Nikya and the Rmaa Nikya.[39]. Japan is a special case as, although it has neither the bhikkhuni nor novice ordinations, the precept-holding nuns who live there do enjoy a higher status and better education than their precept-holder sisters elsewhere, and can even become Zen priests. Theravada (Pali; Sanskrit: Sthaviravada) is one of the eighteen (or twenty) Nik ya schools that formed early in the history of Buddhism. The Tambapaiya (later known as Mahvihravsins), was established in Sri Lanka (at Anuradhapura) but active also in Andhra and other parts of South India (like Vanavasa in modern Karnataka). [129] During this time, there was also a movement to introduce a Vietnamese form of Theravda. [11], Scholar monks generally undertake the path of studying and preserving Theravda's Pli literature. From Birch Bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Manuscript Research: Papers Presented at the Conference Indic Buddhist Manuscripts: The State of the Field. Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism who later became known as "the Buddha," lived during the 5th century B.C. nibbana) is attained in four stages of awakening (bodhi):[web 2][web 3], In Theravda Buddhism, a Buddha is a sentient being who has discovered the path out of samsara by themselves, has reached Nibbana and then makes the path available to others by teaching (known as "turning the wheel of the Dhamma"). [108] The vipassana movement arrived in Thailand in the 1950s. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theravada&oldid=1136577271, The 20th-century Nepalese Theravda movement which introduced Theravda Buddhism to, The establishment of some of the first Theravda Viharas in the Western world, such as the. [89] From the 1950s onwards, the Sri Lankan Forest Tradition developed into an influential modern tradition, focused on strict monastic discipline, meditation and forest living. In recent decades, this interest has swelled, with the monastic Sangha from the schools within Theravda, establishing dozens of monasteries across Europe and North America.". Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, was born in the sixth century B.C. Examples of lists of dhammas taught by the Buddha include the twelve sense 'spheres' or ayatanas, the five aggregates or khandha and the eighteen elements of cognition or dhatus. Dedicated lay men and women sometimes act as trustees or custodians for their temples, taking part in the financial planning and management of the temple. [18] With few exceptions, surviving Theravdin Pli texts derive from the tradition of the Mahvihra at Anuradhapura. He visited Indonesia 15 times from 1934 to 1983 and brought Bodhi trees to be planted at Borobudur and Watu Gong Vihara (central Java). [199] Forest monks tend to be the minority among Theravda sanghas and also tend to focus on asceticism (dhutanga) and meditative praxis. They include central concepts such as:[88], Theravda scholastics developed a systematic exposition of the Buddhist doctrine called the Abhidhamma. Study of the Pli scriptures and the practice of meditation are less common among the lay community in the past, though in the 20th century these areas have become more popular to the lay community, especially in Thailand. [107], The Theravda Abhidhamma holds that there is a total of 82 possible types of dhammas, 81 of these are conditioned (sankhata), while one is unconditioned, which is nibbana. Theravada Buddhism Chanting Book : Thai Buddhist Morning and Evening By LP. Buddhism entered Cambodia via two different streams. [71] For example, while the Theravda Vinaya contains a total of 227 monastic rules for bhikkhus, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya (used in East Asian Buddhism) has a total of 253 rules for bhikkhus (though the overall structure is the same). [50] [76] Modern scholarship in contrast, has generally held that the Abhidhamma texts date from the 3rd century BCE onwards. [119] While in Mahayana, bodhisattas refers to beings who have developed the wish to become Buddhas, Theravda (like other early Buddhist schools), defines a bodhisatta as someone who has made a resolution (abhinhra) to become a Buddha in front of a living Buddha, and has also received a confirmation from that Buddha that they will reach Buddhahood. Location London Imprint Routledge DOI https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203016039 Pages 256 eBook ISBN 9780203016039 Subjects Humanities ABSTRACT Ordaining as a monk, even for a short period, is seen as having many virtues. 5. [web 4] At the same time, the unorthodox Buddhist tradition known as weikza-lam ("Path of esoteric knowledge", or "Path of the wizards") was also developing.[95]. BuddhaNet eBooks: Welcome Collett Cox. The content of the Sutta and Vinaya portions of the Tipitaka shows considerable overlap with the Agamas, the . These are extremely difficult rules to live by in cultures that do not embrace Buddhism. The first Nepalese monks of this movement were ordained in 1930 by a Burmese bhikkhu called Chandramani (1876-1972) who had established a monastery in Kushinagar. This movement was influenced by gnostic and magical currents pervasive at that time, and its aim was to obtain spiritual liberation and purity more speedily. According to Vajirana Mahathera, it is generally held that there are two kinds of individuals. Theravada Buddhism established in Southeast Asia. Theravada (Pli, literally "School of the Elders") is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest extant school.The school's adherents, termed theravdins, have preserved their version of the Gautama Buddha's teaching in the Pli Canon. [18] Richard Gombrich remarks that this is "the earliest record we have of Buddhist scriptures being committed to writing anywhere". The French set up institutions for the training of Cambodian and Lao monks, such as the Ecole de Pali which was founded in Phnom Penh in 1914. [23] Before the Theravda tradition became the dominant religion in Southeast Asia, Mahyna, Vajrayana and Hinduism were also prominent. The Theravda school descends from the Vibhajjavda, a division within the Sthvira nikya, one of the two major orders that arose after the first schism in the Indian Buddhist community. The orthodox standpoints of Theravda in comparison to other Buddhist schools are presented in the Kathvatthu ("Points of Controversy"), as well as in other works by later commentators like Buddhaghosa. What are the teachings of Theravada Buddhism? Theravada Buddhism developed from a Sthavira sub-school that was established in Sri Lanka in the 3rd century BCE. Theravada developed from a sect called Vibhajjavada that was established in Sri Lanka in the 3rd century BCE. The reign of Rama VIII (19351946) saw the translation of the entire Pali Canon into the Thai language. [190] Gestures of respect are also done in front of Buddha images and shrines, mainly the respectful salutation with the hands (ajalikamma), and the five-limb prostration (pac'anga-vandana).[190]. [175], According to Crosby, the esoteric born kammahna or yogvacara meditation tradition was the dominant form of meditation in the Theravda world during the 18th century, and may date as far back as the 16th century. The name Theravda comes from "Sthvirya" (Elders), one of the early Buddhist schools from which Theravdins trace their school's descent. [web 3] The development of this insight leads to four supramundane paths and fruits, these experiences consist a direct apprehension of Nibbana. Accessed 7 May 2020. It is primarily understood through the doctrine of kamma. [120], 20th century Nepal also saw a modern Theravda movement which was mostly led by Newars. Part of this was due to the immigration from Theravda majority countries, but there were also missionary attempts to establish the religion among locals, such as the Buddhist Missionary Society Malaysia founded by Ven K. Sri Dhammananda. In 1997 Dhamma Cetiya Vihara in Boston was founded by Ven. [69][70] He patronized Buddhism in the traditional way, by providing material support for the sangha and building temples such as Wat Chang Lom. [212] It was performed in Perth, Australia, on 22 October 2009 at Bodhinyana Monastery. [58], The oldest manuscripts of the Tipiaka from Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia date to the 15th Century, and they are incomplete. 80 Buddhism Facts: Its History, Followers, and Way of Life - Facts.net The other claim is harder to verify. History of Theravada Buddhism - Wikipedia In fact, today about half of the primary schools in Thailand are located in monasteries. Free postage. [191] The view that Theravda, unlike other Buddhist schools, is primarily a monastic tradition has, however, been disputed. Notable 20th century forest Ajahns included Ajahn Thate, Ajahn Maha Bua and Ajahn Chah.[107]. Neither laywomen nor formally ordained, these women do not receive the recognition, education, financial support or status enjoyed by Buddhist men in their countries. Its texts present a new method, the Abhidhamma method, which attempts to build a single consistent philosophical system (in contrast with the suttas, which present numerous teachings given by the Buddha to particular individuals according to their needs). This module will let you know about the brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices, and related issues of Comparative Analysis of Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. 55, no. Dhammananda Bhikkhuni was ordained in Sri Lanka. Asoka the Great and the Birth of Theravda From 268 to 232 B.C. General Theravda discussion. [a] The Sthvira nikya emerged from the first schism in the Buddhist sangha (literally "Community"). In 2009 in Australia four women received bhikkhuni ordination as Theravda nuns, the first time such ordination had occurred in Australia. [115], The Theravda canon depicts Gautama Buddha as being the most recent Buddha in a line of previous Buddhas stretching back for aeons. Theravda Buddhism in Cambodia and Laos went through similar experiences in the modern era. [207] This chapter has carried out ordination ceremonies for hundreds of nuns since then. However, it has recently also begun to spread to other ethnic groups as well. [3] In contrast to Mahyna and Vajrayna, Theravda tends to be conservative in matters of doctrine (pariyatti) and monastic discipline (vinaya). In Theravada Buddhism, it teaches that there are 28 Buddhas having Gautama . Also, actual manuals often contain prompts or reminders rather than an in-depth explanation. Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, p. 121. New Buddha images and a giant Thai-influenced Buddha-foot was added. There is also a Khmer edition, published in Phnom Penh (193169). A Buddha is also believed to have extraordinary powers and abilities (abhi), such as the ability to read minds and fly through the air. Under French Rule, French indologists of the cole franaise d'Extrme-Orient became involved in the reform of Buddhism, setting up institutions for the training of Cambodian and Lao monks, such as the Ecole de Pali which was founded in Phnom Penh in 1914. Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica, 2008. [29], Abhayagiri was an influential university and center for the study of Mahyna and Vajrayana from the reign of Gajabahu I until the 12th century. Buddhist forms of chanting is also widely practiced by both monks and laypersons, who may recite famous phrases such as the taking of refuge, the Metta Sutta and the Mangala Sutta in front of their shrine. He conquered Kalinga, but seeing the mass slaughter brought him to his senses. During the modern period, Cambodian and Laotian Theravda sanghas were both influenced by modern Thai Buddhism as well as by French Indology. Ajahn Sumedho, a disciple of Ajahn Chah, founded the Amaravati Buddhist Monastery in Hertfordshire, which has a retreat center specifically for lay retreats. The French scholar Franois Bizot has called this trend "Tantric Theravda", and his textual studies show that it was a major tradition in Cambodia and Thailand. 37.34. [1]:49,64, According to its adherents' accounts, the Theravda school derives from the Vibhajjavda ("doctrine of analysis") group, which was a division of the Sthvira tradition that arose during the putative Third Buddhist council held around 250 BCE under the patronage of Indian Emperor Ashoka. This included patronizing monastic ordinations, missionaries, scholarship and the copying of scripture as well as establishing new temples, monasteries and animal sanctuaries. Tse-Fu Kuan. The most distinctive features of this phase and virtually the only contemporary historical material, are the numerous Brahmi inscriptions associated with these caves. Throughout Southeast Asia, there is little stigma attached to leaving the monastic life. [117][118] The Maha Bodhi Society became known for their conservation and restoration of important Buddhist sites, such as Bodh Gaya and Sarnath. [31] Akira Hirakawa and David Kalupahana have argued that Mahyna influence can even be found in the Pli commentaries of the Mahvihra school. [131] Narada Mahathera was also an influential figure in the Indonesian Buddhist revival. There I received a sound foundation in the history of metaphysics and epistemology. Henepola Gunaratana is another modern Theravda scholar who studied philosophy in the west (at the American University). [32][33], The next influential figure in Sinhala Buddhism was Parkramabhu I (11531186) who unified the island and promoted extensive reform of what he saw as a divided and corrupt sangha. [118], However, unlike in Mahayana Buddhism, the Theravda holds that the Buddha path is not for everyone and that beings on the Buddha path (bodhisattas) are quite rare. For instance, a Theravda monk or nun is not supposed to work, handle money, listen to music, cook, etc. He would also become the president of the All-Nepal Bhikshu Mahasangha. After the fall of Angkor in 1431, Mahayana mostly disappeared from the region and Theravda became the dominant religion. The Independent . The prtimoka of the nun's order in East Asian Buddhism is the Dharmaguptaka, which is different from the prtimoka of the current Theravda school; the specific ordination of the early Sangha in Sri Lanka not known, although the Dharmaguptaka sect originated with the Sthvirya as well. Some may decide to fast for days or stay at dangerous places where ferocious animals live in order to aid their meditation. Buy Theravada Buddhism - Continuity, Diversity, and Identity by K Crosby from Foyles today! . [11] The first records of Sri Lankan Buddha images come from the reign of the King Vasabha (65109 CE), and after the 3rd century CE the historical record shows a growth of the worship of Buddha images as well as of bodhisattvas. Crosby, Kate (2000). Chanting may also be part of the practice of recollection (anussati), which refers to contemplating various topics such as the sublime qualities of the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha or the five subjects for daily recollection. A Thumbnail Sketch.<br><br>As soon as you are able to consider your<br>From the point of view of immediate experience in terms of impermanence (anicca), dissatisfaction (dukkha) and impersonality (anatt ), it becomes possible to clearly identify the most subtle and . Consequently, Buddhism split into two sects, Mahasanghika and Theravada (Sthaviravada) 100 years after Buddha nirvana. Acknowledgments viii Map xi Introduction 1 Part One Buddha 13 1 The Buddha and Buddhahood 15 2 Buddha Worship 43 Part Two Dhamma 69 3 Literature, Languages, and Conveying the Dhamma 71 4 The Jataka 99 5 The Good Buddhist 112 6 Meditation 138 7 Abhidhamma 174 Part Three Sangha and Society 195 8 Monks, Monasteries, and their Position in Society 197 9 Women in Monasticism 218 10 Women in . One of the largest Buddhist nations in the world, nearly 95% of Thailand's population follows Buddhism.Thailand is perhaps the only country in the world where the king is stipulated to be a Buddhist and the patron of the faith in Thailand. Why Theravada? In Pli the word for a male lay devotee is Upasaka and a female devotee is Upasika. "[193], In the modern era, it is now common for lay disciples to practice meditation, attend lay meditation centers and even aim for awakening. Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology), 1984, p. 55. [67][68] King Ram Khamhaeng (fl. Theravada | Buddhism | Britannica Theravada Buddhism has been the Cambodian state religion since the 13th century (except during the Khmer Rouge period). For a detailed history of Buddhism in China we will have to wait for Kenneth Chen's book which should be published by the Princeton Press in 1964. Written by the leading authority on Theravada Buddhism, this up-dated edition takes into account recent research to include the controversies over the date of the Buddha and current social and political developments in Sri Lanka. If the breath is long, to notice that the breath is long, if the breath is short, to notice that the breath is short. [10], From the 5th century to the eleventh century, the island of Sri Lanka saw continuous warfare between Sinhala kings and south Indian invaders (mainly the Cholas, Pallavas and Pandyas). [179][180] These techniques were globally popularized by the Vipassana movement in the second half of the 20th century. He stresses that all three are firmly rooted in the Pli Canon. Under French Rule, French indologists of the cole franaise d'Extrme-Orient became involved the reform of Cambodian and Laotian Buddhism. There have also been several modern Theravda scholars which have taken a historical critical perspective on Theravda literature and doctrine, attempting to understand its historical development. [37] Anagarika Dhammapala, Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera, Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera and Henry Steel Olcott (one of the first American western converts to Buddhism) were some of the main figures of the Sri Lankan Buddhist revival. Gombrich explores the legacy of the Buddha's predecessors and the social and religious contexts against which Buddhism has developed and changed throughout history . During the reign of king Anawrahta (Pali: Aniruddha, 10441077), Theravda became the main religion of the Burmese Bagan Kingdom (8491297).
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