For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health during the pandemic. Covid-19 pandemic-specific ptsd: Risk and protective factors Psychological capital and well-being. (2017). Among adaptive coping strategies, active coping, positive reframing, and using emotional support mediated the relationship between optimism and overall well-being. Identify strategies to use to take care of your body, your mind, your spirit, your relationships, your work. Similarly, religion also tended to be an adaptive coping strategy during the pandemic. Students substance use (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19 pandemic, Fig 9. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 20(1), 5165. PsyCap is a state-like construct that consists of four dimensions: hope (H), self-efficacy (E), resilience (R), and optimism (O), often referred to by the acronym HERO (F. Luthans et al., 2007). Future researchers should consider issues of internal consistency as they choose scales and interpret results. Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients, Guidelines and Recommendations for Writing a Rigorous Quantitative Methods Section in Counseling and Related Fields. Universities across Cronbachs alpha coefficients as a measure of internal consistency of the HERO subscales in the current study were highhope ( = .86), self-efficacy ( = .86), resilience ( = .73), and optimism ( = .83)consistent with the previous studies. Think about how you can honor what youve achieved. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000175, Johnson, R. (2020). Mediator coping strategies. Students The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in Karen. Eat well. during National Survey of College Counseling Centers 2014. International Association of Counseling Services, Inc. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/28178. Miyazaki, Y., Bodenhorn, N., Zalaquett, C., & Ng, K.-M. (2008). Asian American University Students’ Adjustment, Coping, Prior to exploring the role of PsyCap and coping strategies on change in well-being due to COVID-19, an initial analysis was conducted to understand the characteristics and relationships of constructs in the study. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593, Tansey, T. N., Smedema, S., Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J.-R., Cardoso, E. D. S., & Strauser, D. (2018). Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). 500 Montgomery Street,Suite 820Alexandria, VA. 22314Phone (703) 684.7722Toll Free (800) 969.6642Fax (703) 684.5968. Kozakiewicz A, Izdebski Z, Biaorudzki M, Mazur J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. (2010). * p < .05, ** p < .01. They could also be adapted to provide services online. COVID-19 - Wellness and Coping Skills | Mental Health America It is important to remember that not everything being said about COVID-19 is accurate. The PCQ-12 (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), the shortened version of PCQ-24 (F. Luthans et al., 2007), consists of 12 items that measure four HERO dimensions: hope (four items), self-efficacy (three items), resilience (three items), and optimism (two items), together forming the construct of psychological capital (PsyCap). Additionally, data collection methods and sample demographics would likely limit generalizability. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2623. Oxford Economic Papers, 64(1), 126. Regarding race/ethnicity, most participants identified as Caucasian (83.6%, n = 509), while the remaining participants identified as African American (5.3%, n = 32), Hispanic or Latina/o (9.5%, n = 58), American Indian (0.8%, n = 5), Asian (3.6%, n = 22), or Other (2.7%, n = 17). Investigating the current state of emotional responses and coping strategies of nurses and college nursing students in Anhui Province found that women showed more severe anxiety and fear than men and COVID-19 is a pressure source with great influence, both for individuals and for the social public groups. As a result, they had to adopt different coping strategies to overcome the predicament that they were trapped in. This instrument is used widely in studies with university students (e.g., Madhyastha et al., 2014; Miyazaki et al., 2008). Both individual counseling and group-based programming focused on PsyCap and positive coping strategies could support the well-being of university students as they experience ongoing stressors related to the pandemic or as they face other setbacks. The use of LMS in learning activities can be done anywhere. The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526, Carmona-Halty, M., Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2019). A positive approach to management education: The relationship between academic PsyCap and student engagement. Surgeon General issued an advisory on the nations youth mental health crisis in December 2021. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that PsyCap predicted well-being, and structural equation modeling demonstrated the mediating role of coping strategies between PsyCap and well-being. Aim of the Study and Research Questions The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Strategies and programming to develop wellness can be delivered in one-on-one sessions with students, as well as in group settings, and may have either a prevention or intervention focus. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9477-4, Ray, J. A single overall flourishing score provides a global indication of well-being, and at the same time, the domain-specific PERMA scores provide meaningful and practical benefits with regard to the possibility of targeted interventions. The measure demonstrates acceptable reliability, cross-time stability, and evidence for convergent and divergent validity (Butler & Kern, 2016). Psychol. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. And having to stay home can be lonely. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Covid-19 Thus, from a pedagogical and psychological point of view, it is pertinent to examine the students' strategies of coping with stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. -, Beiter R, Nash R, McCrady M, Rhoades D, Linscomb M, Clarahan M, et al.. A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. Is there a significant difference in the well-being of university students prior to the onset of COVID-19 (reported retrospectively) and after the onset of COVID-19? Priscilla Rose Prasath, PhD, MBA, LPC (TX), is an assistant professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004, Avey, J. University Student Well-Being During COVID-19: The Role of Findings on the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies versus emotion-focused coping strategies suggest the effectiveness of the particular strategy is contingent on the context, with controllable issues being better addressed through problem-focused strategies, while emotion-focused strategies are more effective with circumstances that cannot be controlled (Finkelstein-Fox & Park, 2019). Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic as a College Student Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Avey, J. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. (2013). The uncertainty about what comes next. Do coping strategies play a mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. The potentialities of online teaching allowed a didactic continuity that would have been impossible otherwise, and this approach is likely to be It is very good for your The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Future researchers examining well-being in university students in different regions of the country or internationally may wish to further investigate the applicability of the PERMA model as a measure of university students well-being during the pandemic. Occupy your mind with puzzles. Epub 2021 May 12. After a thorough review of the literature, three standardized measures were identified for use in the study along with a brief survey for demographic information. Methods: This article used narrative literature review to explore literature review from the following databases namely Web of Science, Google, COVID-19 has impacted every aspect of life around the world. Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends (20072017). Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. The coping strategy of behavioral, Fig 6. Next are engagement (E), the act of being highly interested, absorbed, or focused in daily life activities, and relationships (R), the feelings of being cared about by others and authentically and securely connected to others. Get up, go to bed and do your work at the same time every day. de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). iGen: Why todays super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happyand completely unprepared for adulthoodand what that means for the rest of us. Experts are projecting increases in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicide in the United States (Wan, 2020). Recently, the use of positive psychology smartphone apps such as Happify and resilience-building video games such as SuperBetter have been suggested and tested as motivational tools, especially with younger adults, to foster sustained and continued engagement with PsyCap development (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; McGonigal, 2015). Among the PERMA elements, engagement and physical health were least impacted by COVID-19, whereas students experiences of positive emotion and negative emotion were the factors that were largely affected. 405415). B., & Zvolensky, M. J. Therefore, this Web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from https://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/ACCA_US/A081007G.pdf, Teixeira RJ, Brando T, Dores AR. Coping Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207222. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. Adaptive coping strategies were also conducive to well-being. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. 8600 Rockville Pike Luthans, F., Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. Interestingly, using emotional support also showed a similar mediating link between resilience and PERMA, but not for the factors of loneliness and negative emotion. With each PERMA element individually rendering to flourishing mental health, specific targeted positive psychology interventions might be offered as domain-specific interventions. Or maybe youve stayed put and worry about your family. The U.S. 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 The newly revised approach to foundation skills must deal with this inherent challenge. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, Try mindfulness apps. College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among university students. A tool to help you build resilience during difficult times. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Guided imagery can also be a useful and effective tool to help stressed students cope with academic, social, and other stressors. The average scores of negative emotion and loneliness increased from 4.46 and 3.86 to 5.85 and 5.94, respectively. Building the leaders of tomorrow: The development of academic psychological capital. (1993). The uncertainties arising from COVID-19 have added to anticipatory anxiety regarding the future (Ray, 2019; Witters & Harter, 2020). The Career Development International, 16(1), 6081. COVID-19 has led to global dramatic shifts in daily life. College Student Journal, 42(3), 795-806. The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. for Students Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. (2019). Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. WebMike T. Docmerit is a great platform to get and share study resources, especially the resource contributed by past students and who have done similar courses. Coping with COVID-19-related stress as Coping in the era of coronavirus: A webinar for students, APA electronic resources available for distance learning, Free Access to the Publication Manual and Other Resources During the Coronavirus Pandemic. Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. https://news.gallup.com/poll/310250/worry-stress-fuel-record-drop-life-satisfaction.aspx, Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2015). Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. doi: 10.2196/22817. COVID-19 Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Simon & Schuster. University students strategies of coping with stress during the Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872875. The how of happiness: A scientific approach to getting the life you want. Age was positively correlated with change in PERMA elements, but not gender. Stress Health, 31(3), 180188. Journal of Health Management, 16(2), 315326. To this end, in 2020, a sample of Polish students was anonymously measured using the Mini-COPE questionnaire. Best Colleges (April 20, 2020). Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903157166, Gallagher, R. P. (2014). (2018). These are potential areas of practice for college counselors and counselors serving university students. responded. Visualizations can help you calm down, detach from whats stressing you, and reduce your bodys stress response. Each subscale is measured by two items and is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. A sudden and far-reaching change in daily functioning caused anxiety, depression, and stress in this group. Such a decline in well-being following a pandemic is consistent with previous occurrences of public health crises or natural disasters (Deaton, 2012). 2021 Apr;30(2):194-201. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636. A further consideration is that the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) may not be associated with similar outcomes for people of other cultures and backgrounds during COVID-19. To conclude, the present findings contribute to existing literature on PsyCap and well-being, using the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) among university students in the United States in the context of COVID-19. Whether its an internship, dissertation defense or graduation ceremony, important events may not happen this year. Research Question 1 Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Kauffman, S. B. Journal of American College Health, 68(3), 271277. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). during COVID-19 (2013). The connection between our physical body and our mental health is important and may be something worth exploring when thinking about staying mentally healthy. WebAlly parents are parents of trans* and nonbinary youth across the country who volunteer their time to support young people who may lack or not yet have parental support. Note. Coping During COVID-19: How to Support LGBTQ+ Youth during COVID-19 https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). Students practiced their emerging skills in simulated emergency scenarios. Seligmans multidimensional model integrates both hedonic and eudaimonic views of well-being, and each of the well-being components is seen to have the following three properties: (a) it contributes to well-being, (b) it is pursued for its own sake, and (c) it is defined and measured independently from the other components (Seligman, 2011). Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 6063. A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. PMC Recognize that the current circumstances are hard for everyone. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. National Survey of Counseling Center Directors 2008 [Internet]. COVID-19 Coping Strategies - Case Western Reserve University The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). Undoubtedly, the period has been stressful for nursing students. Yet, despite the rapid emergence of these important studies, we still know little about how college students . The COVID-19 pandemic may be stressful. Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Karen. Connection and disconnection as predictors of mental health and wellbeing. Instead of worrying about our ambiguous future, focus on solving immediate problems. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. (2008). Skills B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). Disengagement coping includes responses such as avoidance, denial, and wishful thinking, as well as aspects of emotion-focused coping, because it involves an attempt to escape feelings of distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; de la Fuente et al., 2020). Overall, as seen in Table 1, all three variables studiedPsyCap HERO dimensions, eight PERMA elements, and coping strategieswere highly related.
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